Flow Profile for Reciprocating Pumps

Reciprocating pumps are often used in the chemical process industries (CPI) because of their ability to generate high pressures at low velocities. A subcategory of positive-displacement pumps, reciprocating pumps act through the recipricating motion of a piston, plunger or diaphragm. Such pumps work by way of a connecting-rod-and-crank mechanism with a piston. By nature, reciprocating pumps generate pulsing flow, which, when plotted as a function of time, or of crank angle, produces a curve that resembles a sine wave to a first approximation. For example, manufacturers of pulsation dampeners and surge suppressors often use sinusoidal curves...

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Evaluation of Crude Oil Quality

Abstract Fourteen type crude oils originated from USA, Mexico, Africa, Middle East, Russia, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela having density and sulfur in the range API = 12.1 ÷ 40.8; S =  0.4 ÷ 3.3%  and total acid number varying in the range TAN = 0.1 ÷ 3.72 mg KOH/g oil have been investigated. The studied crude oils have been classified into four groups: I group – light, low sulfur one (30 – 40 ° API; S ≤ 0.5 % mass); ІІ group – light, sulfur one (30-40 °API; S= 0, 5 - 1.5 % mass);  ІІІ group – heavy, high sulfur one (15-30 °API; S=1.5 ÷ 3.1% mass);  ІV group – extra-heavy, high sulfur one (15 °API, S ≥3 % mass)....

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Merits of Hydrogen Production/Consumption Optimization for a Hydrocracking-Reforming Complex

For many refiners, the hydrocracking unit is a key component in refinery optimization. Proper selection of catalysts for this unit is critical but not often straightforward. For hydrocracking units where the most important product is gasoline, catalyst selection decisions are complicated by hydrogen utilization issues. The traditional logic for selecting hydrocracking catalysts based on activity, stability, yield pattern and cost may not provide an optimum solution if the decision-maker’s view is confined only to the hydrocracking unit. If the optimization calculations are based only on this unit, yield improvements achieved through volume swell...

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