Friday, July 24, 2009

Flowmeter Selection

Flowmeter Selection When a flowmeter is needed, the selection process should include studying the characteristics of respective measurement technologies and analyzing the advantages/disadvantages for different plant environments. This effort will help ensure that a meter with the right performance and reliability, for a particular installation, is selected. Some of the most common industrial flowmeter designs are described here. Differential Pressure A differential pressure meter operates by measuring the pressure differential across the meter and extracting the square root. These meters have a primary element that causes a change in kinetic...
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Tuesday, April 21, 2009

HAZID Hazard Identification

HAZID Hazard Identification Introduction A HAZID study is carried out by a team of competent engineers from a mixture of disciplines and is led by a person who is experienced in the HAZID technique. Each area of the installation is considered against a checklist of hazards. Where it is agreed that a hazard exists in a particular area, the risk presented by the hazard is considered, and all possible means of either eliminating the hazard or controlling the risk and/or the necessity for further study are noted on a HAZID worksheet. Actions are assigned to either discipline groups or individuals to ensure the mitigating control, or further study...
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Sunday, April 12, 2009

Energy Efficiency in Steam Systems

Energy Efficiency in Steam Systems In today’s typical process plants, preventing steam loss and improving condensate return are key opportunities to make a process more energy efficient. To be the most effective, steam generally needs to be dry (such as for process usage), or superheated (for instance, for use in turbines). These requirements dictate utility-system operating procedures for generating the highest quality steam possible, and then distributing it to the points of use with minimal deterioration. Since steam becomes condensate after its heat energy is expended, strategies must be in place to remove condensate as quickly as it is...
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Saturday, February 28, 2009

Flare Gas Recovery

Flare Gas Recovery in Oil and Gas Refineries O. Zadakbar, A. Vatani and K. Karimpour INTRODUCTION Worldwide, final product costs of refinery operations are becoming proportionally more dependent on processing fuel costs, particularly in the current market, where reduced demand results in disruption of the optimum energy network through slack capacity. Therefore, to achieve the most cost-beneficial plant, the recovery of hydrocarbon gases discharged to the flare relief system is vital. Heaters and steam generation fuel provision by flare gas recovery leaves more in fuel processing and thus yield increment. Advantages are also obtained from...
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Thursday, February 26, 2009

Pipe Sizing

Pipe Sizing Friction FactorFluid flowing through pipes experiences resistance due to viscosity, turbulence and roughness of the pipe surface. The Darcy-Weisbach Equation (1) is commonly used for the analysis of steady-state, Newtonian-fluid flow inside pipes. It summarizes the relations between frictional head loss, fluid properties, pipe geometry and discharge. For laminar flow (Re < 2,100), the friction factor is a function of Reynolds number only. In turbulent flow (Re > 4,000), f depends upon Reynolds number and pipe roughness.Hydraulically smooth pipes. In this case, the friction factor is solely a function of Re. For the determination...
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