Flue Gas Treatment

Treating flue gas minimizes or eliminates both the environmentally unacceptable nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions as well as the collecting of unburned solid particles before they escape into the atmosphere. Both techniques involve a number of steps NOx Reduction Techniques Fuel Selection Control of NOx pollutants begins with the proper fuel selection. A coal with a sufficiently low fuel nitrogen (less than 1.5%) as shown in a routine fuel analysis may eliminate the need for any NOx reduction techniques. Natural gas has no nitrogen in the fuel; fuel oil typically has a lower nitrogen content than coal. Coal reactivity...

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Bernoulli’s Theorem

The Bernoulli Theorem1 is a mathematical derivation based on the law of conservation of energy. This theorem states that the total energy of a fluid at any particular point above a datum plane is the sum of the elevation head, the pressure head, and the velocity head. Stated mathematically:    Eq. (1)If there are no friction losses and no energy is added to or taken from the system, H is constant for any point in the fluid. In reality, whenever fluid is moving there is friction loss (hL). This loss describes the difference in total energy at two points in the system. Expressing the energy levels at Point 1 versus Point 2 then becomes: Eq....

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Benefits of Biodiesel

Environmental Benefits In 2000, biodiesel became the only alternative fuel in the country to have successfully completed the EPA-required Tier I and Tier II health effects testing under the Clean Air Act.  These independent tests conclusively demonstrated biodiesel’s significant reduction of virtually all regulated emissions, and showed biodiesel does not pose a threat to human health.  Biodiesel contains virtually no sulfur or aromatics, and use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter.  A U.S. Department of Energy study showed...

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Steam Systems

Generating steam is the primary function of most boiler systems. In some industries, where 40-60 percent of all energy is consumed in the generation of steam in fired or wasteheat boilers, efficient operation and regular maintenance can represent a great potential in energy savings.Industrial Steam Trapping Handbook For instance, in the absence of an effective maintenance program, it’s common to find 15 to 20 percent of steam traps not working properly. Another energy-waster is to allow steam leaks to persist, reducing steam production by as much as three to five percent. Insulation deterioration can cause another 5 to 10 percent steam loss...

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Don't Send Money Down the Drain

Driving energy savings through key solutions to condensate management. Energy consciousness and environmental awareness have transformed condensate from an inexpensive byproduct of steam distribution to a valuable resource that can substantially reduce operating costs. For process systems that use steam as the heat transfer media, improved condensate management can enhance the overall system performance and longevity. Condensate is a ready-made supply of recoverable energy. Typical chemical-process plants should be able to recover over 60% of the condensate produced in their steam systems. Unfortunately, traditional system design and installation...

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