Flare Gas Recovery

Flare Gas Recovery in Oil and Gas Refineries O. Zadakbar, A. Vatani and K. Karimpour INTRODUCTION Worldwide, final product costs of refinery operations are becoming proportionally more dependent on processing fuel costs, particularly in the current market, where reduced demand results in disruption of the optimum energy network through slack capacity. Therefore, to achieve the most cost-beneficial plant, the recovery of hydrocarbon gases discharged to the flare relief system is vital. Heaters and steam generation fuel provision by flare gas recovery leaves more in fuel processing and thus yield increment. Advantages are also obtained from...

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Pipe Sizing

Pipe Sizing Friction FactorFluid flowing through pipes experiences resistance due to viscosity, turbulence and roughness of the pipe surface. The Darcy-Weisbach Equation (1) is commonly used for the analysis of steady-state, Newtonian-fluid flow inside pipes. It summarizes the relations between frictional head loss, fluid properties, pipe geometry and discharge. For laminar flow (Re < 2,100), the friction factor is a function of Reynolds number only. In turbulent flow (Re > 4,000), f depends upon Reynolds number and pipe roughness.Hydraulically smooth pipes. In this case, the friction factor is solely a function of Re. For the determination...

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Improving Heat Recovery

Compact Heat Exchangers These units offer distinct advantages over shell-and-tube heat exchangers, as quantified by the example presented here Johan Gunnarsson Alfa Laval Lund AB, Iain Sinclair and Francisco J. Alanis AspenTech UK Ltd. Global warming is of major concern today. There is increasing pressure on industry to reduce both energy usage and the associated CO2 emissions. An important and profitable action that industry can take is to recover more process energy and thus improve the efficient use of that energy. This not only reduces the cost of primary energy supply and lowers CO2 emissions, but also provides benefits in terms of reductions...

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Indonesia Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Government Prepares Energy Programs to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions According to studies, fossil fuels account for 287 million tons of greenhouse gasses. The industrial sector is the major source of pollutant, contributing to 29% of the total amount, followed by the transportation sector (27%), power plants (14%), flaring (11%), manufacturing process (10%), commercial and other minor sectors (9%). The government is planning on an integrated program in the energy sector to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The program includes increasing fuel diversification by means of oil and gas optimization including the development of biofuel, fuel subsidy reduction, increasing coal utilization through renewable energy development (coal-powered plants, liquefied coal, geothermal power > 6000...

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Energy Efficiency

MANAGE YOUR ENERGY COSTS Conducting an energy assessment provides a business plan for improvements Imagine trying to construct a chemical plant without a piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID). Just get a bunch of people together at a site and tell them to “make it happen.” Could the plant be built? Well, maybe, but the task would certainly take longer and the result would be a confusing maze of systems, some incomplete and many working at cross purposes. Once the plant is finally done, the operations staff would probably spend all their working hours simply untangling the mess made during construction. Clearly, the P&ID makes the job easier and leads to a better plant. Similarly, such a blueprint — an energy assessment or audit — is crucial for successfully controlling energy...

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Selecting TEMA Type HE

Selecting TEMA Type Heat Exchangers TEMA is a set of standards developed by leading heat exchanger manufacturers that defines the heat exchanger style and the machining and assembly tolerances to be employed in the manufacture of a given exchanger. TEMA stands for Tubular Exchanger Manufactures Association. An advantage of TEMA standards is that end customers recognize that the specifications set forth comprise industry standards that directly relate to recognized quality practices for manufacturing. Vendors who build to TEMA standards can be competitively compared because tolerances and construction methods should be very similar for a given...

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